What does the term 'black hat' hacker refer to?

The term 'black hat' hacker specifically refers to an individual who engages in unauthorized intrusion into computer systems or networks with the intent to cause harm, steal data, or benefit financially. These hackers operate outside the boundaries of the law and ethical guidelines, employing malicious tactics to exploit vulnerabilities in systems.

This designation stands in contrast to other types of hackers, such as 'white hat' hackers, who are ethical and work to enhance security by identifying and addressing vulnerabilities legally and with permission. The distinction is critical in understanding the various motivations and actions of hackers within the cybersecurity landscape. Black hat hackers are often associated with criminal activities, including identity theft, spreading malware, and disrupting services for personal gain, underlining the importance of cybersecurity measures to protect against such threats.